ကရင္လူမ်ဳိးမ်ားဟုေခၚတြင္ျခင္း

Posted by Ka Shee on Monday, November 28, 2016 | 0 ဟ့ဢ္ခီဢ္မဲဢ္လီဿ္ | Leave a comment...

ေနာက္ထပ္ စိတ္၀င္စားစရာေကာင္းတာတစ္ခုကေတာ့ ကရင္လူမ်ဳိးစုေတြကို ပညာရွင္ေတြက ထိုင္းတ ရုတ္အႏြယ္၀င္ေတြလို႔ မွတ္တမ္းတင္ထားၾကတာပဲျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ပညာရွင္ေတြရဲ႔ တင္ျပခ်က္ေတြ အရ ေတာ့ လူေတြရဲ႔ဦးေခါင္းခြံအေနအထားနဲ႔ႏွာေခါင္းအေနအထားအရ၊ေနာက္ၿပီးစကားေ၀ါဟာရဘာသာ ေဗဒအရ ကရင္လူမ်ိဳးေတြကို ထိုင္းတရုတ္ႏြယ္၀င္ေတြလို႔ သတ္မွတ္ၾကတာျဖစ္တယ္တဲ့။ ေနာက္ၿပီး ကရင္လူမ်ဳိးႏြယ္စုက ထိုင္း၊ တရုတ္အုပ္စုေတြလိုပဲ မြန္ဂိုအႏြယ္၀င္မ်ား ျဖစ္ၾကပါတယ္။

အေရွ႔ေတာင္အာရွေဒသရွိတဲ့ လူမ်ဳိးအေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားကို ကယန္ လို႔ေခၚၾကၿပီး ျမန္မာလူမ်ဳိးေတြက ကရင္လို႔ေခၚၾကတာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ဒါေပမယ့္ ကရင္ ဆိုတဲ့အေခၚအေ၀ၚကို ဘယ္အခ်ိန္ကစၿပီး ေခၚတယ္ ဆိုတာ ကိုေတာ့ တိတိက်က် ေျပာျပဖို႔ ေတာ္ေတာ္ေလးခက္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ အဲ့ဒီလိုမ်ိဳး ကရင္လို႔ စ ေခၚတာက အင္း၀ေခတ္မတိုင္မီ စတင္ေခၚတြင္ခဲ႔ၾကပံုရွိတယ္လို႔လည္း ကရင္သမိုင္းေရး သားၾကတဲ့ ပညာ ရွင္ေတြရဲ႔ ေရးသားခ်က္အရ သိရပါတယ္။

ေနာက္ၿပီးျမန္မာလူမ်ဳိးတို႔ရဲ႔ အယူအဆအရ ကရင္လူမ်ဳိးေတြကို ရွမ္းလူမ်ဳိး (၃၀)ထဲမွာထည့္ၿပီး (ေကြ႔ ရွမ္း) လူမ်ဳိးမ်ား မွတ္တမ္းတင္ခဲ့ၾကတာကိုလည္း ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ ၿပီးေတာ့ (ဂၽြမ္း) လူမ်ဳိးမ်ားလို႔ လည္း ကရင္လူမ်ဳိးမ်ားကို ေနထိုင္တဲ့ေဒသ အေလ်ာက္ ေခၚၾကတယ္လို႔လည္း သမိုင္းပညာရွင္အခ်ဳိ႔က ယူဆ ၾကတယ္။
အခ်ဳိ႔ပညာရွင္ေတြကေတာ့ တစ္ခ်ိန္ကဧရာ၀တီျမစ္ကမ္းမွာ ေနထိုင္ခဲ႔ဖူးတဲ့ ကမ္းယံလူမ်ဳိး ကေနၿပီး ကရင္လူမ်ဳိးေတြျဖစ္လာတယ္။ေနာက္ၿပီး တခ်ိန္က ပ်ဴလူမ်ဳိးေတြကလည္း ယေန႔ပိုးကရင္ျဖစ္လာတယ္ လို႔ယူဆထားၾကတာေတြလည္းရွိပါတယ္။

အဲ့ဒါနဲ႔ဆက္စပ္ၿပီးေျပာရမယ္ဆိုရင္ ယေန႔ရခိုင္ျပည္ေဒသအခ်ဳိ႔မွာ ပညာရွင္တခ်ိဳ႕ေျပာတဲ့ ကရင္လူမ်ိဳး ေတြျဖစ္တယ္လို႔ ယူဆၾကတဲ့(ကမ္းယံ) လူမ်ဳိးအနည္းငယ္ကို ေတြ႔ရၿပီးအဲ့ဒီကမ္းယံလူမ်ိဳးေတြကကရင္ လူမ်ဳိးေတြနဲ႔ မတူၾကသလို၊ ယေန႔ပိုးကရင္ျဖစ္လာတယ္လို႔ ပညာရွင္ေတြယူဆထားတဲ့ ပ်ဴလူမ်ိဳးဆို တာကိုလည္း ေပ်ာက္ကြယ္သြားၿပီလို႔ သမိုင္းပညာရွင္အခ်ိဳ႕က ယူဆလိုက္ၾကတယ္။

ဒါေပမယ့္ အမွန္တကယ္ေတာ့ ပ်ဴလူမ်ိဳးဆိုတာ ယေန႔တိုင္ေအာင္ ရွိေနဆဲျဖစ္ၿပီး အဲ့ဒီပ်ဴ လူမ်ိဳးအ ဆက္အႏြယ္ေတြကို ပဲခူးတိုင္း အေနာက္ဖက္ျခမ္းနဲ႔ ျပည္ၿမိဳ႕ေတြမွာ အႏွံ႔အျပားေတြ႔ႏုိင္ပါတယ္။

ဒါနဲ႔ပတ္သက္ၿပီး ထူးျခားတာတစ္ခုကေတာ့ အဲ့ဒီပ်ဴလူမ်ိဳးေတြက သူတို႔ကိုယ္သူတို႔ ျမန္မာ လူမ်ိဳး ေတြ ျဖစ္တယ္လို႔ ယံုၾကည္ၾကၿပီး အမ်ားက ပိုးကရင္လို႔ယူဆထားတဲ့သူေတြက ျမန္မာလူမ်ိဳးမ်ား အသြင္ကို လံုး၀ေျပာင္းလဲသြားျခင္းလည္း ျဖစ္တယ္လို႔ ကရင္သမိုင္းပညာရွင္ေတြက ေရးသားေဖာ္ျပ ထားၾကပါ တယ္။ဒီအခ်က္ကို ၾကည့္ၿပီးေတာ့ တခ်ိဳ႔ပညာရွင္ေတြေျပာတဲ့ ပ်ဴလူမ်ိဳးဟာ ယေန႔ ပိုးကရင္ျဖစ္ လာ တယ္ဆိုတဲ့ ယူဆခ်က္က မမွန္ကန္ႏိုင္ဘူးလို႔လည္း ဆိုထားျပန္ပါတယ္။

ေနာက္ၿပီးေရ်းပ်ဴယဥ္ေက်းမႈထြန္းကားခ်ိန္တုန္းက ပ်ဴလူမ်ိဳးနဲ႔ ပိုးကရင္အႏြယ္၀င္ေတြက ေရာေႏွာခဲ့ ၾကတဲ့ လကၡဏာအေထာက္အထားကိုေတာ့ ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမယ္လို႔လည္း ေရးသားထားၾကျပန္ပါ တယ္။ဘာျဖစ္လို႔လည္းဆုိေတာ့ ယေန႔ကရင္လူမ်ိဳးေတြရဲ႔ ရိုးရာဓေလ့အခ်ိဳ႕က အဲ့ဒီေခတ္ အဲ့ဒီအခါ တုန္းက ပ်ဴယဥ္ေက်းမႈတခ်ိဳ႔နဲ႔ နီးစပ္မႈရွိတာကိုလည္း ေတြ႔ရလို႔ျဖစ္တယ္။

အဲ့ဒီေခတ္တုန္းက မာန္လည္သမိုင္းမွာ ပ်ဴမင္းမ်ားဟူေသာအေရးအသားနဲ႔ ပတ္သတ္ၿပီး ပ်ဴလူမ်ိဳး ေတြကို ေဖာ္ျပတဲ့အခါမွာ ၿပံဳးလို႔ေရးသားတာကိုေတြ႔ရတယ္။ အဲ့ဒီၿပံဳးဆိုတဲ့ အေခၚကလည္း ျမန္မာစ ကားသံအရ ယရစ္သံ ပ်က္ၿပီး(ပရံုး)လို႔ အသံထြက္တယ္။
အသံအေနအထားကို ေလ့လာၾကည့္လိုက္ေတာ့ ဖရံုး-ဖလံုး-ဖလံု ဆိုတဲ့ မူလဇာတ္ျမစ္ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ေၾကာင္း နဲ႔ယခုေခတ္ ပိုးကရင္လူမ်ိဳးစုတို႔ မိမိကိုယ္ကိုကိုယ္ေခၚေ၀ၚေနတဲ့ ဖလံုဆိုတာနဲ႔ အသံထြက္တူေနတာ ကိုေတြ႔ရတယ္။ဒါနဲ႔ပဲတဆက္တည္းေျပာရရင္ ႏိုင္ငံျခားသားေတြရဲ႔ မ်တ္တမ္းအရျပန္ၾကည့္လိုက္ရင္ ျပည္ၿမိဳ႔ကိုအရင္က (ပရံုး)လို႔ေခၚခဲ့ၾကတယ္။ဒီလိုမ်ိဳးအေခၚအေ၀ၚေတြကို ျပန္ၿပီးႏႈိင္းယွဥ္ၾကည့္လိုက္ ျပန္ေတာ့လည္း ပ်ဴလူမ်ိဳးေတြျဖစ္တဲ့ ပရံုးဆိုတာနဲ႔ ဆက္စပ္ၿပီး ပ်ဴဟာ ယေန႔ပိုးကရင္လူမ်ိဳးစုလို႔လည္း ေရွးကရင္လူႀကီးေတြကလည္း မွတ္ယူခဲ့ၾကတယ္။

ျမန္မာ႔သမိုင္းမွာပါရွိတဲ့ မြန္၊ ျမန္မာ ႏွစ္ေပါင္း(၄၀)စစ္ပြဲကာလမွာ ျမန္မာမင္းမ်ားရဲ႔ အေရွ႔ဘက္ စစ္ ေၾကာင္းျဖစ္တဲ့ စစ္ေတာင္းျမစ္၀ွမ္း တစ္ေလွ်ာက္ မွာအမ်ားစုေနထိုင္တဲ့ စေကာကရင္ လူမ်ဳိးစုေတြကို ျမန္မာမင္း ေတြက သူတို႔ရဲ႔ စစ္တပ္ေတြထဲမွာ ပါ၀င္ခိုင္းခဲ့တယ္။ အဲ့လိုပါ၀င္ခိုင္းခဲ့ၿပီး မြန္မင္းေတြက လည္းသူတို႔ ႀကီးစိုးရာ ေဒသျဖစ္တဲ့ ျမစ္၀ကၽြန္းေပၚႏွင္႔ ေအာက္ပိုင္းမွာရွိတဲ့ပိုးကရင္ လူမ်ဳိးစုမ်ားကို မြန္ မင္းေတြရဲ႔ စစ္တပ္ေတြမွာ ပါ၀င္ၿပီး အမႈထမ္းေစခဲ့တယ္။ ဒီလို ကရင္လူမ်ဳိးစု(၂)စုကို မြန္-ျမန္မာေတြက ခြဲျခား ေခၚေ၀ၚလိုက္တာေၾကာင့္ စေကာကရင္အုပ္စုကို ျမန္မာကရင္မ်ား၊ ပိုးကရင္အုပ္စုကို မြန္-ကရင္ သို႔မဟုတ္ တလိုင္းကရင္မ်ား ဆိုၿပီး ယေန႔တိုင္ေအာင္ တစ္ခ်ဳိ႔ ေခၚေ၀ၚေနၾကေသးတယ္။

ေနာက္ထပ္တစ္ခုကေတာ့ သုေတသီအခ်ဳိ႔က ေတာင္ငူမင္းဆက္ကို ကရင္လူမ်ဳိးတို႔ စတင္တည္ ေထာင္တာလို႔လည္း အဆိုရွိခဲ့ၾကျပန္တယ္။ ဘာျဖစ္လုိ႔လည္းဆိုေတာ့ မြန္-ျမန္မာစစ္ပြဲကာလမွာ စ ေကာကရင္ လူမ်ဳိးစုတို႔က စစ္ေရးႏွင္႔ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ ေရးအေတြ႔အၾကံဳနဲ႔ နယ္ေျမေဒသစုစည္းေနထိုင္ တာ ေတြေၾကာင္႔ အင္အားအလြန္ႀကီးမားတာေၾကာင့္လည္း ေတာင္ငူမင္းဆက္ကို စတင္ထူေထာင္ႏုိင္ တာလို႔လည္း ပညာရွင္ေတြက အသိအမွတ္ျပဳထားၾကျပန္ပါတယ္။

ဒါေပမယ့္ သမိုင္းေတြထဲမွာ ကရင္လူမ်ဳိး မွတ္တမ္းမ၀င္တာဟာ ကရင္လူမ်ဳိး တို႔ရဲ႔ ေအးေဆးစြာ ေန ထိုင္လိုေသာ စိတ္ဓါတ္နဲ႔ စည္းလံုးညီညြတ္မႈအားနည္းေသာ သဘာ၀တို႔ေၾကာင္႔ အျခားလူမ်ိဳးေတြရဲ႔ လက္ေအာက္မွာ ကာလေတြအၾကာႀကီးေနထိုင္ၿပီး မိမိတို႔ယဥ္ေက်းမႈဓေလ့ ထံုးစံတခ်ိဳ႔ကိုလည္း ႏွ ေျမာစရာေကာင္းေလာက္ေအာင္ပဲ ဆံုးရႈံးခဲ့ရတယ္။ တစ္ေဒသနဲ႔တစ္ေဒသ ေ၀းလံခက္ခဲတဲ့ ေနရာေဒ သအႏွံ႔အျပားမွာ ေနထိုင္ၾကတာျဖစ္တယ္။

La Won Lay က မူလေရးသားထားတဲ့စာသားကို ဖတ္လို႔ေကာင္းေအာင္ ျပန္လည္ျပဳျပင္ထားပါသည္။

စစ္တီး၀ိုင္းႏွင့္ေစာစံဖိုးသင္

Posted by Ka Shee on | 0 ဟ့ဢ္ခီဢ္မဲဢ္လီဿ္ | Leave a comment...


ဖက္စစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရး ကရင္=ဗမာခ်စ္ၾကည္ေရးႏွင့္ လြပ္လပ္ေရး ရယူေရးတြင္ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ ေအာင္ဆန္းအေနႏွင့္အားထားရေသ
ာကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားေခါင္းေဆာင္ႏွစ္ဦးမွာ၀န္ၾကီးအာဇာနည္ မန္းဘခိုင္ႏွင့္၀န္ၾကီးေစာစံဖိုးသင္ ႏွစ္ဦးပင္ျဖစ္သည္။သို ့ရာတြင္ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းႏွင့္မန္းဘခိုင္ တို ့၏ဆက္ဆံေရးမွာလူၾကီးဆန္ဆန္ေႏြးေထြးတည္ျငိမ္ရင့္က်က္ျပီးေစာစံဖိုးသင္ႏွင့္ဆက္ဆံေရးမွာ လြန္စြာပြင့္လင္းေသာဆက္ဆံေရးမ်ိဳးျဖစ္သည္ကိုျမင္ေတြ ့ႏုိင္ေလသည္။
 
ယင္းသို ့ႏွစ္ဦးႏွစ္ဘက္ၾကားရုိးသားပြင့္လင္းစြာဆက္ဆံၾကျခင္းျဖင့္ ပုဂၢိဳလ္ခင္ရာမွတဆင့္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းႏွင့္ေစာစံဖိုးသင္တို ့ႏွစ္ဦးၾကားတြင္ ထိုစဥ္ကမေမ်ာ္မွန္းႏိုင္ေသာအလုပ္မ်ား ကိုပင္ေအာင္ျမင္စြာလုပ္ေဆာင္ႏိုင္ခဲ့ေလသည္။ ပထမမွာတေန ့ ဂ်ပန္ကိုေတာ္လွန္ရန္ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ ေအာင္ဆန္းကရည္ထားျပီးျဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ဂ်ပန္ေခတ္တြင ္ကရင္တပ္ရင္းကို ဖြဲ ့စည္းနုိင္ခဲ့့ျခင္း၊ ေစာစံဖိုးသင္၏အေမရိကန္ ျပည္ေထာင္စုတြင္ ဆြတ္ခူးရရွိခဲ့ေသာ ဂီတ၀ိဇၨာဘြဲ ့(ဂီတေဗဒ)ကို အၾကာင္းျပဳလ်က္ ဂ်ပန္ေခတ္ ဗမာ့တပ္မေတာ္ စစ္တီး၀ိုင္းသမားအား ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းက ေစာစံဖိုးသင္ဦးေဆာင္၍ဖြဲ ့စည္းခိုင္းျခင္းတို ့ပင္ျဖစ္သည္။
 
ယင္းသို ့ျဖင့္ ဖက္ဆစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရး စတင္ေသာအခါ တိုင္းအမွတ္(၃)ပုသိမ္၊ ေျမာင္းျမ၊ ဟသၤာတ နယ္၏စစ္ေၾကာင္းျဖစ္ေသာ “ရဲေက်ာ္သူတပ္ဖြဲ ့သည္ တိုင္းမွဴးဗိုလ္မွဴးၾကီးေစာၾကာဒိုး၊ ဗိုလ္မွဴးေစာထြန္းစိန္ႏွင့္ ေစာစံဖိုးသင္ တို ့ဦးေဆာင္လ်က္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း၏ ရည္မွန္းခ်က္ အတိုင္းျမစ္၀ကြ်န္းေပၚ ေဒသ၌ တာ၀န္ယူႏိုင္ခဲ့ၾကသည္။ ယင္းဘီဒီေအ(B.D.A) ကရင္တပ္ရင္းကို တာ၀န္ယူခဲ့သူႏွင့္ တပ္ရင္းမွဴးျဖစ္သူ ဗိုလ္မွဴးေစာထြန္းစိန္က ျမ၀တီမဂၢဇင္းပါသူ၏ “ဖက္ဆစ္ကုိ ေတာ္လွန္ခဲ့ေသာ(ဘီဒီေအ)ကရင္တပ္ရင္း” ေဆာင္းပါးတြင္ ေအာက္ပါအတိုင္း ေရးသားေဖာ္ျပ ထားေလသည္။
 
“ဘီဒီေအ ကရင္တပ္ရင္းကိုဖြဲ ့ရန္ တာ၀န္ေပးထားေသာအခါ ကြ်န္ေတာ့္မွာ ပထမဆုံး အရာရွိ၊ အၾကပ္၊ တပ္သားမ်ားကို ရွာရမည္ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ထိုအခ်ိန္က ကရင္စစ္မွဳထမ္းေဟာင္းမ်ား ကိုဂ်ပန္မ်ားက အလြန္ေႏွာင့္ယွက္ေနေသာ အခ်ိန္ျဖစ္သျဖင့္ ထိုကရင္ စစ္မွဳထမ္းမ်ားကို ပထမ အသုတ္အေန ျဖင့္ေခၚလိုက္ပါသည္။ ေနာက္ျပီးက်ာင္းသား၊ ေနာက္ျပီး ဂ်ပန္က အေႏွာင့္အယွက္ ေပးေနသူမ်ားကို ေခၚယူျပီး စမ္းေခ်ာင္းေဘာလုံးကြင္းအတြင္းရွိစစ္၀န္ၾကီးရုံး ကင္းတပ္တြင္ ေလ့က်င့္ ခန္းမ်ားေပးပါသည္။
 
(၁)လအတြင္းေန ့ညဆက္တိုက္ ေလက်င့္ေပးသျဖင့္အရာရွိႏွင့္ အၾကပ္သင္တန္းျပီးဆုံးပါသည္။ ၄င္းအရာရွိႏွင့္အၾကပ္မ်ားကိုပင္ စစ္သားစုေဆာင္းေရးအတြက္ နယ္သို ့လြတ္၍ စစ္သားစုေဆာင္းေစခဲ့ရာ မၾကာမီ တပ္ရင္းတရင္းစာ စစ္သားသစ္မ်ား ေရာက္ ရွိလာပါေတာ့သည္။” ေဆာင္းပါးရွင္က ဆက္လက္၍ ေဖာ္ျပထားသည္မွာ-
 
အခ်ိဳ ့တပ္သားမ်ားမွာ ေတာင္ေပၚကရင္မ်ားျဖစ္ၾက၍ ျမန္မာစကားကိုပင္ေကာင္းစြာ မေျပာ တတ္ၾကပါ။ ထိုသို ့ျမန္မားစကားမေျပာတတ္ ေျပာတတ္သျဖင့္ ေျပာသည္ကုိပင္ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္တကြ ျမန္မာ့ရဲေဘာ္မ်ားက အလြန္သေဘာက်ခဲ့ၾကပါသည္။ တပ္သားအေရအတြက္မ်ားလာသျဖင့္ ဘီဒီ ေအ ကရင္တပ္ရင္းကို ေလ့က်င့္ေရးတပ္ရင္(၄)ဟုေခၚျပီး ၀င္ဆာစခန္း(သမၼတအိမ္ေတာ္အနီး) တြင္ထားပါသည္။ တပ္သားမ်ားကို ေလ့က်င့္ေရးမျပီးမီ ဖက္ဆစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးတြက္ တာ၀န္မ်ား ကို ခြဲေ၀ေပးျပီး တပ္ခြဲ(၃)ကို ျမစ္၀ကြ်န္းေပၚမွ လြတ္ခဲ့ရ၍ က်န္တပ္ခြဲတစ္ခြဲကို လူခြဲျပီး အင္းစိန္၊ သာယာ၀တီ၊ ပဲခူး၊ေတာင္ငူသို ့လြတ္ခဲ့ရပါသည္။ ထိုသို ့တပ္မ်ားကို နယ္သို ့မလြတ္မီ စိတ္ခ်ရ ေသာ ကရင္တပ္ရင္းမွဴးအခ်ိဳ ့ကို ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းကေခၚျပီးလွ်င္ ေအာက္ပါအတိုင္းညြန္ၾကား ခဲ့ပါသည္။
“စစ္အေျခအေနဟာ ဒီအတိုင္းဆိုရင္ ဂ်ပန္တို ့ဆုတ္ေျပးဖို ့အေျခအေနမ်ိဳးျဖစ္ဖို ့မ်ားတယ္။ ဂ်ပန္ေတြေျပးလို ့မဟာမိတ္ေတြ ၀င္လာရင္ (ဘီအိုင္ေအ) တံုးကလို စပ္ကူးမတ္ကူးအခ်ိန္ ျဖစ္ဦး မွာပဲ။ 
 
အဲဒီအခ်ိန္မွာ မင္းတို ့ကရင္ေတြဟာ အရင္တေခါက္ကလို လက္နက္မဲ့ျဖစ္ျပီး ကိုယ္ရြာကိုယ္ မကာကြယ္ႏိုင္ မျဖစ္ရေအာင္ မင္းတို ့ကရင္တပ္ရင္းက တာ၀န္ယူ ကာကြယ္ရမယ္။မင္းတို ့ဟာ ဂ်ပန္ကိုတိုက္ႏိုင္သေလာက္တိုက္ ဒါေပမဲ့မင္းတို ့ရဲ ့အဓိကတာ၀န္ဟာ ဂ်ပန္ကိုတိုက္ဖို ့မဟုတ္ဘူး။ မင္းတို ့အမ်ိဳးသားေတြကို ကာကြယ္ဖို ့နဲ ့မင္းတို ့ေရာက္တဲ့ေနရာေဒသမွာ ကရင္-ဗမာလူမ်ိဳးေရး အဓိကရုဏ္းျပန္လည္မေပၚေပါက္ေအာင္ တားဆီးဖို ့ပဲ”
ဤသည္ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းႏွင့္ေစာစံဖိုးသင္တို ့ခင္မင္မွဳႏွင့္ယံုၾကည္မွဳအရ ဂ်ပန္ေခတ္ တြင္ ေပၚေပါက္လာသည့္ ဘီဒီေအ ကရင္တပ္ရင္းပင္ျဖစ္ေပသည္။
 
အခ်ိဳ ့ေသာကရင္ျပည္နယ္သမိုင္းမွတ္တမ္းမ်ားတြင္ ရန္ကုန္ျမိဳ ့မွ ဂ်ပန္တို ့ဆုတ္ခြာခဲ့ရျပီး ရန္ကုန္၊ ျပည္မႏွင့္ျမစ္၀ကြ်န္းေပၚေဒသမ်ားတြင္ ဘီးဒီေအတပ္ရင္းမ်ား၊ ကရင္ဘီဒီေအတပ္ရင္းမ်ား ဂ်ပန္ကို ေအာင္ပြဲခံျပီး အသီးအပြင့္မ်ားခံစားခ်ိန္တြင္ ကရင္ျပည္နယ္ရွိ ကရင္တပ္ရင္းမ်ားသည္ ဂ်ပန္ကို တိုက္ထုတ္ေနရဆဲပင္ျဖစ္သည္။ ကရင္တပ္ရင္းမ်ားသည္ ဂ်ပန္တို ့ကိုလိုက္ လံတိုက္ ခိုက္ရင္း ဂ်ပန္စစ္သားေပါင္း(၃၀၀၀၀) ေက်ာ္မွ်သတ္ခဲ့သည္ဟု ေဖာ္ျပထားသည္။

“ျမန္မာျပည္ခ်စ္ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားေခါင္းေဆာင္းမ်ား” စာအုပ္မွ ေကာက္ႏုတ္ခ်က္

ကရင္မ်ား ပဌမဆံုးအၾကိမ္ျမန္မာျပည္ထဲသို ့၀င္ေရာက္လာျခင္း

Posted by Ka Shee on | 0 ဟ့ဢ္ခီဢ္မဲဢ္လီဿ္ | Leave a comment...


ဘီစီ-၁၁၃၄ ႏွင့္ ဘီစီ-၁၁၂၂ ခု ႏွစ္မ်ားအၾကားတြင္ တရုတ္ျပည္တြင္ တရုတ္ဘုရင္ ႃေခ်ာင္ဆင္႗ (Chaw Hsin)အုပ္စိုးလွ်က္ရွိသည္။၄င္းဘုရင္ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္စဥ္ကာလအတြင္း ေကာင္းမြန္သည့္စိတ္ထားႏွင့္ စည္းကမ္းမရွိေသာေၾကာင့္ ၄င္း၏အုပ္စိုးမွဳေအာက္တြင္ တိုင္းသူျပည္သားမ်ားအား အၾကီးအက်ယ္ ဒုကၡေပးလွ်က္ရွိသည္။ ၄င္း၏တိုင္းျပည္ပတ္ပတ္လည္တၤင္ေနထိုင္လွ်က္ရွိေသာတိုင္းသူျပည္သားမ်ားကိုဖိႏွိပ္လွ်က္ရွိရာ အတင္းေမာင္းထုတ္ျခင္း၊ မိမိ၏လူမ်ိဳးတိုင္းျပည္သား အျဖစ္အတင္းအဓမၼျပဳလုပ္လွ်က္ရွိ္ေလသည္။
 
(ပါေမာကၡ ဒဗလ်ဴ အီး-စူေဟးလ္ ေရးသည့္ တရုတ္ျပည္၏ရာဇဝင္ (၁၉၂၉၊ စာမ်က္ႏွာ ၈ ႏွင့္၉ ကိုရွဳ ပါ)။ဆရာခ်ားလ္(စ္) ကုစလပ္(ဖ္)ေရး-တရုတ္ျပည္ရာဇဝင္အက်ဥ္း အတြဲ ၁- ၁၉၃၄၊ ႏွာ-၁၆၂ - ၁၆၆ကိုလဲရွဳပါ။)
HISTORY OF CHINA-1929 PG,.8-9 BY PROFESSER W.E.SOOTHILL AND ALSO A SKETCH OF CHINA HISTORY-ANCIENT AND MODERN ETCL,VOLUME 1, 1934,PG,.162 - 166 BY REV,.CHARLES GUTZATT.


က်္ ဘုရင္၏ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မွဳေအာက္တြက္ အလြန္ဆိုးရြားလွေသာေၾကာင့္ တရုတ္ျပည္ပတ္ပတ္လည္တြင္ေန 
ထိုင္ၾကေသာကရင္မ်ားႏွင့္တရုတ္ျပည္တြင္းေနထိုင္ၾကေသာကရင္အခ်ိဳ ့သည္၄င္းဖိႏွိပ္မွဳကိုမ
ခံႏိုင္ၾကေတာ ့ေသာေၾကာင့္ဘီစီ-၁၁၂၈ တြင္ ၄င္းတို ့သည္ တရုတ္ျပည္၏ ေတာင္ဘက္ႏွင့္ အေနာက္ေတာင္ဘက္ အရပ္သို ့ ေရႊ ့ေျပာင္းသြားၾကသည္။ထိုေနာက္၄င္းတို ့သည္တိုင္းျပည္သစ္ တျပည္အတြင္းသို ့ဘီစီ၁၁၂၅တြင္၀င္ေရာက္ေနထိုင္ၾကေလသည္။၄င္းတို
့၀င္ေရာက္ေနထိုင္ၾကသည့္ေနရာမ်ားမွာ ေအာက္ပါအတိုင္းျဖစ္ေလသည္။


ကရင္မ်ိဳးႏြယ္ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးတို ့သည္ တရုတ္ျပည္မွ အုပ္စု(၃)စုခြဲျပီး လမ္း(၃) လမ္းျဖင့္ အုပ္စုတစုကို တစ္လမ္း၊(၃)ႏွစ္အတြင္းထြက္ ခြါလာၾက သည္။ ပဌမအုပ္စုမွာ-မဲေခါင္ျမစ္ေၾကာင္းအတိုင္း ဆင္းလာၾကသည္။ ၄င္းတို ့သည္ ေတာင္ဘက္သို ့တဆင့္ျပီးတဆင့္ ေရႊ ့ေျပာင္းလာၾကရာ ပဌမဦးဆံဳး၄င္းတို ့သည္ယခုေတာကီးဟုေခၚေသာ ေနရာတြင္၀င္ေရာက္ေနထိုင္ၾကေလသည္။ထိုမွတဆင့္၄င္းတို ့သည္ယခုထိုင္းႏိုင္ငံသို ့၀င္ေရာက္ေနထိုင္ၾကသည္။ ထိုေနာက္ ဆက္လက္ေရႊ ့ေျပာင္းသြားၾကရာ ယခု ကေမၻာဒီယားႏိုင္ငံပင္လယ္ကမ္းစပ္သို ့ေရာက္သြားၾကေလေတာ ့သည္။၄င္းတို ့ေရႊ ့ေျပာင္းေနထိုင္ခဲ့သည့္ေနရာမ်ားမွာ ယခု ေလာ၊ ထိုင္း၊ ကေမၻာဒီယားႏွင့္ ဗီယက္နမ္ ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားျဖစ္ၾကေလသည္။


ေနာက္ပိုင္း ႏွစ္အနည္းငယ္အၾကာတြင္ ရွမ္းလူမ်ိဳးမ်ားကလည္း ကရင္မ်ားဆင္းသက္လာၾကသည့္ လမ္းေၾကာင္းအတိုင္း အမ်ားအျပားေျပာင္းေရႊြ ့ဆင္းသက္လာၾကသည္။ ကရင္တို ့သည္ ေနာက္ တြင္ေျပာင္းေရႊ ့လာၾကေသာရွမ္းမ်ား၏္ဖိအားကိုခံေနၾကရေလသည္။ သို ့ေသာ္၄င္းတို ့သည္ပင္လယ္ကမ္းစပ္သို ့ ေရာက္ရွိျပီးျဖစ္သျဖင့္ဆက္သြားရန္မျဖစ္ႏိုင္ေတာ ့ေခ်။ယင္းေၾကာင့္၄င္းတို ့သည္ ေနာက္ျပန္လွည့္ကာမယ္နမ့္ ျမစ္အတိုင္းျပန္ရ်္ဆန္တက္
လာၾကေတာ ့သည္။ယင္းကဲ့သို ့ျမစ္ဖ်ားဘက္သို ့တဆင္ျပီးဆင့္ဆန္တက္လာၾကရာ ေနာက္ဆံုးမယ္ ့ပင္ ျမစ္
ရွိရာ ေနရာသို ့ေရာက္လာၾကသည္။ထိုအခါ မယ့္ပင္ ျမစ္ေၾကာင္းအတိုင္းဆန္တက္ျပန္ရာ မယ့္ပင္ျမစ္ဖ်ား မေရာက္ခင္ တေနရာတြင္ စခန္းခ် ေနထိုင္ၾကေလသည္။ က်္ ေနရာကား - ယခုခ်င္းမိုင္ဟုေခၚေသာ ျမို ့ပင္ျဖစ္သည္။ 
 
ခ်င္းမိုင္းသည္ ကရင္မ်ိဳးႏြယ္ အစုစုတို ့ စုစည္းေနထိုင္လာရာေနရာျဖစ္သည္။ထို ့ေၾကာင့္ ခ်င္းမိုင္သည္ တခ်ိန္က ကရင္လူမ်ိဳးတို ့၏ ျမို ့ေတာ္ျဖစ္လာေလသည္။ ကရင္တို ့ ခ်င္းမိုင္တြင္ေနထိုင္စဥ္ ရွမ္းလူမ်ိဳးႏွင့္ မၾကာခဏ တိုက္ခိုက္ၾကသည္။ တခါတရံတြင္ ကရင္မ်ားကတိုက္ပြဲတြင္အႏိုင္ရျပီး တခ့တရံ ရွမ္းက အႏိုင္ရသည္။ သို ့ရာတြင္ ေနာက္ဆံုးမွာ ကရင္မ်ားအားရွမ္းမ်ားက အႏိုင္ယူတိုက္ခိုက္ႏိုင္ခဲ့ေလသည္။ထိုအခါ ကရႈ္တို ့သည္ ခ်င္းမိုင္မွထြက္ေျပးၾကရျပီး ပတ္၀န္းက်င္အႏွံ့အျပား ေနရာမ်ားသို ့ ပ်ံ ့ႏွံ ့ေရာက္ရွိၾကေလေတာ ့သည္။ယင္းေၾကာင့္ယခုအခ်ိန္တြင္ ကရင္မ်ားသည္မယ့္စရင္၊ဖါပြန္၊လူေသာခို၊လယ္မူထိစသည္ေတာင္ေပၚေဒသ လွ်ိဳေျမာင္အရပ္မ်ားတြင္ပ်ံ့ႏွံ ့ေနထိုင္လွ်က္ရွိသည္ကို ေတြ ့ၾကရမည္ျဖစ္ပါသည္။အခ်ိဳ ့တို ့မွာ ယခုေဘာ္နီယိုက်ြန္းဟုေခၚေသာ က်ြန္းအထိပ်ံ ့ႏွံ ့ေရာက္ရွိၾကေလသည္။


ကရင္မ်ိဳးႏြယ္ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးတို ့သည္ ဒုတိယအသုတ္ ယူနန္ျပည္နယ္မွ ထြ့က္ခြာလာၾကျပီးေရႊလီ ျမစ္လမ္းေၾကာင္း အတိုင္း စံုဆင္းလာၾကရာ ယခုအေခၚ ျမန္မာျပည္အတြင္းသို ့၀င္ေရာက္ၾကေလသည္။ေရႊလီျမစ္ေျမျပန့္ေဒသတြင္ ရွမ္းလူမ်ိဳးမ်ား ေနထိုင္ၾကျပီးျဖစ္သျဖင့္ ကရႈ္လူမ်ိဳးတို ့သည္ ဆက္လက္ျပီး ဃဲ၀ါး ျမစ္အတိုင္းဆင္းသြားၾကေလသည္။၄င္းေနာက္ဃဲ၀ါးျမစ္ ကမ္းေဘးရွိေျမျပန့္ ေဒသတြင္ေနထိုင္ၾကေလသည္။ပဌမဦးဆံုးမိုးကုတ္နယ္အတြင္းေနထိုင္ၾကသည္။ကာလၾကာရွည္စြာ ထိုေနရာတြင္ေနထိုင္ၾကသျဖင့္ ရပ္ရြာမ်ားတိုးမ်ားလာေလသည္။၄င္းတို ့၏သူၾကီး ဖူးဃဲ၀ါး ေနသည့္ ရြာမွာ ျမစ္ကမ္းေဘးတြင္ရွိသည္။က်္ရြာကို ၄င္းတို ့ျမို ့အျဖစ္ တည္ေထာင္ၾကေလသည္။က်္ ျမို ့ကိုလည္းေနာက္ပိုင္းတြင္ ႃတေကာင္း႗ ဟုယခု အမည္တြင္လာေလသည္။ ယခုထိတိုင္လည္းေခၚၾကပါသည္။ ဃဲ၀ါးျမစ္ကိုမူအခ်ိန္ကာလၾကာျမင့္စြာေရႊ ့လ်ား ျပီးေနာက္ႃေပႅကႅိဳ႗(ကရင္လို)ဟုေျပာင္းလဲေခၚၾကသည္။
 
တနည္းအားျဖင့္ဧရာ၀တီျမစ္ဟုယခုေခၚေသာျမစ္ျဖစ္လာသည္။ဃဲ၀ါး အား တေကာင္းဟုျပန္ေခၚရေသာအေၾကာင္းရင္မွာ-ဃဲ၀ါးျမို ့အား တေကာင္းျမိဳ ့ ႏွင့္ ဃဲ၀ါး ကႅိဳ (ဃဲ၀ါးျမစ္)အား ပေလးကလို (ဧရာ၀တီျမစ္အျဖစ္ျပန္ေခၚရသည့္အေၾကာင္းရင္းမွာ=ကရင္လူမ်ိဳးႏွင့္ရွမ္းလူမ်ိဳးတို ့သည္ ၄င္းတို ့ေနထိုင္ရာတိုင္းျပည္ႏွင့္ နယ္ေျမမ်ားတခုႏွင့္တခု ဆက္စပ္လွ်က္ရွိသည္။ယခုကဲ့သို့ေနထိုင္ၾကသည္မွာအခ်ိန္ၾကာျမင့္လွျပီျဖစ္ပါသည္။၄င္းတို ့သည္ကုန္ပစၥည္းအေရာင္းအ၀ယ္မ်ား အျပန္အလွန္မွီခိုလွ်က္ ရွိေနၾကသည္။ကရင္တို ့သည္ ဖားရုပ္ပါစည့္စည္အား အျမတ္တႏိုး ထားသည္ကို ရွမ္းလူမ်ိဳးတို ့သိသျဖင့္ ၄င္းတို ့သည္ ဖားသည္မ်ားအား ယူနန္ျပည္နယ္တြင္သြားေရာက္၀ယ္ယူကာ ကရင္လူမ်ိဳးမ်ားကိုျပန္ လည္ေရာင္းခ်ေလသည္။ရွမ္းလူမ်ိဳးတို ့သည္ ဖားစည္ မ်ားကိုကရင္လူမ်ိဳး မ်ားအား ျပန္လည္ေရာင္းခ်ႏိုင္ရန္ အတြက္ ေလွျဖင့္ တင္ေဆာင္ လာၾက သည္။ 
 
ဃဲ၀ါးျမို ့ကိုေရာက္လာၾကေသာအခါ ေလွမ်ား အားေလွဆိပ္တြင္ ဆိုက္ကပ္ေစျပီးပါလာသည့္ဖားစည္မ်ားကိုကရင္မ်ားအားေရာင္းခ်ၾကေလ သည္။ ၄င္းတို ့ေလွမ်ားဆိုက္ကပ္သည့္ေလွဆိပ္အား ႃတုေကာ ႗ ဟုေခၚၾကသည္။တု-ဆိုသည့္ရွမ္းလို စကား၏္အဓိပၸာယ္မွာႃဆိပ္ကမ္း႗ ဟုအဓပၸာယ္ရျပီး ႃေကာ႗ ဆိုသည္မွာ ႃဖားသည္႗ျဖစ္သည္။ ထို ့ေၾကာင့္ႃတုေကာ႗ဆိုသည့္ အဓိပၸာယ္မွာဖားစည္ဆိပ္ကမ္းပင္ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ တနည္းအားျဖင့္ဖားစည္မ်ားေရာင္းခ်ရာေနရာျဖစ္ပါသည္။ထိုနည္းအတူ ဃဲ၀ါးျမို ့ဟုေခၚၾကျခင္းမွာ ကရင္လူမ်ိဳးတို ့သာေခၚၾကျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။သို ့ေသာ္ ရွမ္းတို ့က က်္ ျမို ့ကို တုေကာ ဟုေခၚသည္။ဗမာလူမ်ိဳးမ်ားကရွမ္း လူမ်ိဳး မ်ားေခၚသကဲ့သို ့ လိုက္ေခၚၾကရာ ရွမ္းကဲ့သို ့ပီပီသသမေခၚႏိုင္သျဖင့္ တုေကာ မွ ေနာက္ဆံုး တေကာင္း ဟူရ်္ ယခုထိတိုင္ တြင္က်န္ခဲ့ေလသည္။ 
 
သို ့ရာတြင္ ျမစ္ကိုမူ အဘိုးဃဲ၀ါး၏အမည္ျဖင့္မွည့္ေခၚထားေသာေၾကာင့္ ဃဲ၀ါးျမစ္ဟုေခၚတြင္ေလသည္။ျမစ္၏ေအာက္ပိုင္းကိုမူ ျမစ္၏ေအာက္ပိုင္းကိုမူ အဘိုးပေလး ၏အမည္ျဖင့္ မွည့္ေခၚထားျပန္ရာ ပေလျမစ္ဟုတြင္က်န္ ခဲ့ေလသည္။ က်္ အေၾကာင္းမွာမူ အဘိုးဃဲ၀ါးသည္ ကရႈ္လူမ်ိဳးမ်ားအား ပထမပိုင္းတြင္ ျမန္မာျပည္ဟုေခၚေသာ ယခုတိုင္းျပည္ထဲသို့ေရာက္ေအာင္ ကြတ္ကဲ ေခါင္းေဆာင္ျပီးပို ့ေဆာင္လာခဲ့သူျဖစ္သည္။အဘိုးပေလးမွာမူ ကရင္တို ့ျမန္မာျပည္တြင္းသို ့ေရာက္လာျပီးေနာက္မွေအာက္ဖက္သို ့စံုဆင္းရာ ကရင္တို ့ကို ကြပ္ကဲေခါင္းေဆာင္ခဲ့သူတေယာက္ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ထို့ေၾကာင့္ ကရင္ထံဳးစံအေခၚအရ ယခုဧရာ၀တီျမစ္၏နာမည္မွာ၂မ်ိဳးျဖစ္ေန ျခင္းျဖစ္ သည္။ျမစ္အထက္ပိုင္းအား ဃဲ၀ါးျမစ္ဟုေခၚျပီးျမစ္ေအာက္ပိုင္းကိုမူ ပေလးျမစ္ဟုေခၚျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။
 
 ေနာက္ပိုင္းအခ်ိန္မ်ားၾကာေညာင္းလာေသာအခါ ကရင္တို ့သည္အထက္ပိုင္းတြင္ မေနၾကေတာ့ဘဲ ေအာက္ပိုင္းသို ့ အားလံဳးေရႊ ့ေျပာင္းေရာက္ရွိလာၾကေလသည္။ထို ့ေၾကာင့္ဧရာ၀တီျမစ္အထက္ပိုင္း မူလအမည္ႃဃဲ၀ါးကလို႗ မွာတေျဖေျဖးတိမ္ေကာပေပ်ာက္လာျပီး က်္ ဧရာ၀တီျမစ္ၾကီးကို ႃပေလကလို႗ ဟူ ရ်္သာအသိမ်ားလာၾကေလေတာ ့ သည္။ေနာက္ဆံဳးတြင္ က်္ဧရာ၀တီျမစ္ၾကီးကို ပေလကလို ဟူရ်္သာ တြင္က်န္ရစ္ေလေတာ ့သည္။သို့ေသာ္ မြန္၊ဗမာမ်ားက က်္ ျမစ္ကိုကုလားမ်ားေခၚသကဲ့သို ့ အဂၤလိပ္မ်ားနည္းတူ ဧရာ၀တီျမစ္ ဟူရ်္သာ ယေန ့ထက္တိုင္ေခၚၾကေလေတာ ့သည္။ တေကာင္းႏွင့္ဧရာ၀တီျမစ္အေၾကာင္းျပီး၏)

Saw Tamla Baw (1920-2014)

Posted by Ka Shee on Tuesday, August 16, 2016 | 0 ဟ့ဢ္ခီဢ္မဲဢ္လီဿ္ | Leave a comment...

Saw Tamla Baw (1920-2014) : born in the city of Moulmein, Mon State, in a Sgaw Christian family. Lieutenant in the 1st Karen Rifles in the 1940s, he joined up with the Karen National Union and involved himself in the Karen uprising from January 1949. He was vice- chief of staff of the Karen National Liberation Army and member of the Central Committee of the K.N.U. since 1969. As Lieutenant General, he also served for a time as commander-in-chief of the K.N.L.A.. Saw Tamla Baw was appointed Deputy Chairman of the K.N.U. in 2004 and Chairman of the organization in 2009; he retired in 2012.

_ Saw Tamla Baw (1920-2014) : né dans la ville de Moulmein, Etat môn, au sein d’une famille sgaw chrétienne. Lieutenant au 1st Karen Rifles dans les années 1940, il rejoignit très vite la Karen National Union et participa activement au soulèvement karen à compter de janvier 1949. Dès 1969, il était vice chef d’état-major de la Karen National Liberation Army et membre du Comité central de la K.N.U.. Général de Corps d’armée, il fut un temps Commandant en chef de la K.N.L.A.. Saw Tamla Baw fut nommé vice-président de la K.N.U. en 2004 et élevé au rang de président de l’organisation en 2009. Il prit sa retraite en 2012.

Mahn Sha Lah Phan (1943-2008)

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Mahn Sha Lah Phan (1943-2008) : born in Tawgyaung village, Irrawaddy Division, in a Pwo Buddhist family. At the age of 23 he joined Karen resistance, was elected to the Karen National Union central committee in 1984, was appointed Joint General Secretary of the organization in 1995 and became its General Secretary in 2000. In this position he endeavoured to maintain unity between the Karens of all religious denominations. He was murdered at Mae Sot (Thailand) in February 2008 by agents of the Burmese junta.

_ Mahn Sha Lah Phan (1943-2008) : né dans le village de Tawgyaung, province de l’Irrawaddy, au sein d’une famille pwo bouddhiste. Il rejoignit la résistance karen à l’âge de 23 ans, fut élu au Comité central de la Karen National Union en 1984, nommé Secrétaire général adjoint de l’organisation en 1995 et promu au poste de Secrétaire général en 2000. A ce poste il s’efforça de maintenir l’unité entre les Karens de toutes les confessions. Mahn Sha Lah Phan fut assassiné à Mae Sot, en Thaïlande, en février 2008 par des agents de la junte birmane.

Saw Bo Mya (1927-2006)

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Saw Bo Mya (1927-2006) : born in Htee Moo Kee village, Karen State, in a Sgaw Animist family (he later became a Christian, precisely a Seventh-Day Adventist). In 1976 he was appointed Chairman of the Karen National Union and remained in that position until 2000. Later, he became Vice-Chairman of the K.N.U. and Supreme Commander of the Karen armed forces. With the aim of protecting Sgaws and Pwos just like Paos and Karennis, he spent his whole life fighting the communist threat as well as the Burmese military regime.

_ Saw Bo Mya (1927-2006) : né dans le village de Htee Moo Kee, Etat karen, au sein d’une famille sgaw animiste (il se convertit ultérieurement au christianisme). En 1976 il accéda à la présidence de la Karen National Union et demeura à ce poste jusqu’en 2000, choisissant alors de se mettre en retrait en conservant la vice-présidence de la K.N.U. et le commandement suprême des forces armées karens. Animé de la volonté de protéger les Paos et les Karennis autant que les Sgaws et les Pwos, il consacra sa vie entière à combattre la menace communiste aussi bien que le régime militaire birman.

Naw Louisa Benson (1941-2010)

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Naw Louisa Benson (1941-2010) : born in the capital city of Rangoon, of a Jewish father (converted to Catholicism) and a Karen mother. In 1964 she married the ex-Karen National Liberation Army 5th Brigade Commander Bo Lin Tin, who had surrendered with Saw Hunter Thamwe the previous year. But Lin Tin was killed by Burmese agents in September 1965, and after his death Benson led the K.N.L.A. 5th Brigade back into the jungle. After emigrating to the United States in 1967, she kept on working as an advocate for the Karen cause.

_ Naw Louisa Benson (1941-2010) : née à Rangoon, d’un père Juif (convertit au catholicisme) et d’une mère karen. En 1964 elle épousa Bo Lin Tin, ancien commandant de la 5eme brigade de la Karen National Liberation Army qui, à la suite de Saw Hunter Thamwe, avait déposé les armes l’année précédente. Mais Bo Lin Tin fut tué par des agents birmans en septembre 1965 et, après sa mort, Benson gagna la clandestinité et conduisit l’ancienne unité de son mari à reprendre le combat. Après s’être exilée aux Etats-Unis en 1967, elle continua à œuvrer pour la défense de la cause karen.

Saw Maw Reh (1920-1994)

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Saw Maw Reh (1920-1994) : born in In Gyaw village, Pegu Division, in a Karenni Catholic family. After World War II, he joined the Karen Rifles. Then, he successively formed the Karenni National Organization in November 1947 and its military branch, the United Karenni States’ Independence Army in August 1948, closely allied with the Karen National Defence Organization. Later he became chairman of the Karenni National Progressive Party, from 1960 to 1977, always in perfect harmony with the Karen National Union.

_ Saw Maw Reh (1920-1994) : né dans le village de In Gyaw, province de Pegu, au sein d’une famille karenni catholique. Il s’enrôla dans les Karen Rifles après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, puis il créa successivement la Karenni National Organization en novembre 1947 et sa branche militaire la United Karenni States’ Independence Army en août 1948, étroitement alliée à la Karen National Defence Organization. Plus tard, il occupa le poste de président du Karenni National Progressive Party, de 1960 à 1977, toujours en parfait accord avec la Karen National Union.

Mahn Ba Zan (1916-1982)

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_ Mahn Ba Zan (1916-1982) : born in the town of Maubin, Irrawaddy Division, in a Pwo Buddhist family. First commander of the Karen Nation Defence Organization, creator of the Karen National United Party, he was successively Vice Chairman and Chairman of the Karen National Union. He always made a point of honour to defend all parts of the Karen people (from the plains and from the mountains) against the aggressions of the Rangoon racist junta.

_ Mahn Ba Zan (1916-1982) : né dans la bourgade de Maubin, province de l’Irrawaddy, au sein d’une famille pwo bouddhiste. Premier commandant de la Karen Nation Defence Organization, créateur du Karen National United Party, il fut successivement vice-président puis président de la Karen National Union. Il mit toujours un point d’honneur à défendre tous les segments du peuple Karen (ceux des plaines comme ceux des montagnes) contre les agissements de la junte raciste de Rangoon.

Thaton Hla Pe (1909-1975)

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Thaton Hla Pe (1909-1975) : born in Thanpayapinseik village, Mon State, in a Pao Buddhist family. In 1943, he formed together with other Karens leaders the Karen Central Organization. In the post-war Burma, he worked closely with Saw Ba U Gyi and was one of the founders of the Karen National Defence Organization. Vice-Chairman of the Karen National Union since 1947, he was twice offered the presidency of the movement in 1950 and 1951.

_ Thaton Hla Pe (1909-1975) : né dans le village de Thanpayapinseik, Etat Môn, au sein d’une famille pao bouddhiste. En 1943, il créa avec d’autres responsables karens la Karen Central Organization. Dans la Birmanie de l’après-guerre, il continua de travailler étroitement avec Saw Ba U Gyi et fut avec ce dernier l’un des fondateurs de la Karen National Defence Organization. Vice-président de la Karen National Union dès 1947, il se vit offrir la présidence du mouvement à deux reprises en 1950 et 1951.

Saw Ba U Gyi (1905-1950)

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Saw Ba U Gyi (1905-1950) : born in the city of Bassein, Irrawaddy Division, in a Sgaw Christian family. Minister on several occasions in Burmese governments from 1937 to 1947, he was one of the founders of the Karen Central Organization in 1943 and of the Karen National Union in 1947. Real soul of the Karen nation, he was the chairman of the K.N.U. till his death on 12th August 1950, killed by the Tatmadaw (Burmese Army). To this day, the 12th August is respected as Martyr’s Day by all the Karens in the world.

_ Saw Ba U Gyi (1905-1950) : né dans la ville de Bassein, province de l’Irrawaddy, au sein d’une famille sgaw chrétienne. Plusieurs fois ministre au sein des gouvernements de Birmanie de 1937 à 1947, il fut l’un des fondateurs de la Karen Central Organization en 1943 et de la Karen National Union en 1947. Véritable âme de la nation karen, il dirigea la K.N.U. jusqu’à sa mort, le 12 août 1950, date à laquelle il fut tué par la Tatmadaw (l’armée birmane). Depuis, le 12 août est célébré comme le Jour des Martyrs par les Karens du monde entier.

Martyr’s Day : Some Considerations on Karen National Unity.

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From time to time, a few Karenni friends (emphasizing some characteristics specific to their community) ask me to distinguish themselves from the Karens with whom they don’t want to be confused. That’s their opinion and I respect it as such, but I’m in real disagreement with this view.

Karens don’t form a race but a nation, that is, first of all, a people made up of various components (clans, tribes), bound together by a common ethnographic and linguistic origin. Beyond this obvious ethnocultural kinship recognized by all experts, these diverse subgroups are linked, de facto, by a shared historical past. Under these conditions, a large number of Karens (since the Nineteenth Century) became aware of their common heritage and of their converging interests; logically they felt the will to maintain and develop this identity heritage, along with the firm intention to accept together their political destiny. It was particularly the case of the founders of the Karen National Association (K.N.A.) in 1881.
In that way, we can say that Karen nation includes Sgaws, Pwos, Kayahs, Paos, Padaungs, Pakus, Ghebas… without weakening the whole cohesion of the people, just as American nation comprises Californians, Texans, Virginians, New-Yorkers… without threatening the unity of this country. Doesn’t each family consist of several lineages ? Incidentally, the same is true in religious matters where the diversity of worship (between Buddhist, Christian and Animist Karens) does not preclude national unity.

Eventually, Karennis (just like Paos) only distinguish themselves from the other Karens because of their social and political organization adopted from the Shans with whom they lived for centuries; but it must be noted that there’s no essential difference between Sgaws, Pwos, Karennis and Paos (to mention only these four human groups), on racial, ethnic or linguistic grounds. In addition to their common origins, the different Karen groups share a number of cultural features : bronze drums, for example, are of interest for the whole Karen community, for Paos of Taunggyi like for Pwos of Bassein; the Y’Wa myth also is common to diverse Karen groups (Bwes and Kayahs of the hills as well as Sgaws or Pwos of the plains). Many other examples can be found in housing, clothing or cooking traditions…
 
For my part, I defend a unifying “pan-Karen” view diametrically opposed to the separatist idea that some would like to see triumph : according to me, the presence of limited cultural peculiarities should not lead to political fragmentation that, weakening the entire Karen people, only would benefit its enemies. Actually, it’s only by remaining united that Karens will manage to carry weight in Burman and Thai situations.

_ Saw Ba U Gyi (1905-1950) : born in the city of Bassein, Irrawaddy Division, in a Sgaw Christian family. Minister on several occasions in Burmese governments from 1937 to 1947, he was one of the founders of the Karen Central Organization in 1943 and of the Karen National Union in 1947. Real soul of the Karen nation, he was the chairman of the K.N.U. till his death on 12th August 1950, killed by the Tatmadaw (Burmese Army). To this day, the 12th August is respected as Martyr’s Day by all the Karens in the world.
 
_ Thaton Hla Pe (1909-1975) : born in Thanpayapinseik village, Mon State, in a Pao Buddhist family. In 1943, he formed together with other Karens leaders the Karen Central Organization. In the post-war Burma, he worked closely with Saw Ba U Gyi and was one of the founders of the Karen National Defence Organization. Vice-Chairman of the Karen National Union since 1947, he was twice offered the presidency of the movement in 1950 and 1951.

_ Mahn Ba Zan (1916-1982) : born in the town of Maubin, Irrawaddy Division, in a Pwo Buddhist family. First commander of the Karen Nation Defence Organization, creator of the Karen National United Party, he was successively Vice Chairman and Chairman of the Karen National Union. He always made a point of honour to defend all parts of the Karen people (from the plains and from the mountains) against the aggressions of the Rangoon racist junta.

_ Saw Maw Reh (1920-1994) : born in In Gyaw village, Pegu Division, in a Karenni Catholic family. After World War II, he joined the Karen Rifles. Then, he successively formed the Karenni National Organization in November 1947 and its military branch, the United Karenni States’ Independence Army in August 1948, closely allied with the Karen National Defence Organization. Later he became chairman of the Karenni National Progressive Party, from 1960 to 1977, always in perfect harmony with the Karen National Union.
 
_ Saw Bo Mya (1927-2006) : born in Htee Moo Kee village, Karen State, in a Sgaw Animist family (he later became a Christian, precisely a Seventh-Day Adventist). In 1976 he was appointed Chairman of the Karen National Union and remained in that position until 2000. Later, he became Vice-Chairman of the K.N.U. and Supreme Commander of the Karen armed forces. With the aim of protecting Sgaws and Pwos just like Paos and Karennis, he spent his whole life fighting the communist threat as well as the Burmese military regime.
 
_ Mahn Sha Lah Phan (1943-2008) : born in Tawgyaung village, Irrawaddy Division, in a Pwo Buddhist family. At the age of 23 he joined Karen resistance, was elected to the Karen National Union central committee in 1984, was appointed Joint General Secretary of the organization in 1995 and became its General Secretary in 2000. In this position he endeavoured to maintain unity between the Karens of all religious denominations. He was murdered at Mae Sot (Thailand) in February 2008 by agents of the Burmese junta. 

_ Naw Louisa Benson (1941-2010) : born in the capital city of Rangoon, of a Jewish father (converted to Catholicism) and a Karen mother. In 1964 she married the ex-Karen National Liberation Army 5th Brigade Commander Bo Lin Tin, who had surrendered with Saw Hunter Thamwe the previous year. But Lin Tin was killed by Burmese agents in September 1965, and after his death Benson led the K.N.L.A. 5th Brigade back into the jungle. After emigrating to the United States in 1967, she kept on working as an advocate for the Karen cause.

_ Saw Tamla Baw (1920-2014) : born in the city of Moulmein, Mon State, in a Sgaw Christian family. Lieutenant in the 1st Karen Rifles in the 1940s, he joined up with the Karen National Union and involved himself in the Karen uprising from January 1949. He was vice- chief of staff of the Karen National Liberation Army and member of the Central Committee of the K.N.U. since 1969. As Lieutenant General, he also served for a time as commander-in-chief of the K.N.L.A.. Saw Tamla Baw was appointed Deputy Chairman of the K.N.U. in 2004 and Chairman of the organization in 2009; he retired in 2012.

All of them were great figures of the Karen nation, weren’t they ? And many more examples could be offered : 

_ Min Maung : as a colonel in the Burma Army, he was at the head of the 1st Karen Rifles in January 1949. One of the first among militaries, he joined the Karen insurrection and in June of the same year was promoted by Saw Ba U Gyi to the rank of General and Chief of Staff of the Kawthoolei Armed Forces. He was not a Sgaw nor a Pwo but a Paku from Toungoo…

_ Bo Tha Kalei : he joined the Karen National Defence Organization in 1949. Together with his two brothers he was sent by the K.N.D.O. in the early 1950s to contact the Paos near Taunggyi. His elder brother, Bo Special, became one of the ablest commanders of the newly formed Pao guerilla, making a name for himself as an ambush specialist. In the second Pao uprising in the mid-1960s, Bo Tha Kalei became the military commander of the Pao National Liberation Organization. He was not a Pao nor a Buddhist but a Sgaw Christian born in Bawgali village, Toungoo district…

So, in conclusion : the Karens ?
Several dialects but one language,
Several religions but one people,
Several places of origin but one identity,
Several cultures but one civilization,
And ultimately, a single nation !
Well, that’s my point of view…

___________________________________
Jour des Martyrs : Quelques considérations à propos de l’unité nationale karen.
Parfois, certains amis Karennis (insistant sur certaines spécificités propres à leur communauté) me demandent de les distinguer des Karens avec lesquels ils ne souhaitent pas être confondus. Il s’agit là de leur opinion et je la respecte en tant que telle, mais je me trouve en réel désaccord avec cette vision des choses. 

Les Karens ne forment pas une race mais une nation, c’est-à-dire avant tout un peuple constitué de diverses composantes (clans, tribus) unies entre elles par une même origine ethnographique et linguistique. Au-delà de cette parenté ethnoculturelle évidente reconnue par tous les spécialistes, ces différents sous-groupes se trouvent liés, de fait, par un passé historique partagé. Dans ces conditions, un grand nombre de Karens (depuis le XIXeme siècle) ont pris conscience de leur héritage commun et de leurs intérêts convergents; et logiquement, ils ont éprouvé la volonté de maintenir et de développer ce patrimoine identitaire, ainsi que la ferme intention d’assumer ensemble leur destin politique. C’était notamment le cas des fondateurs de la Karen National Association (K.N.A.) en 1881.

De la sorte, on peut dire que la nation karen compte des Sgaws, des Pwos, des Kayahs, des Paos, des Padaungs, des Pakus, des Ghebas… sans que la cohésion de l’ensemble ne s’en trouve fragilisée, tout comme la nation américaine -par exemple- compte des Californiens, des Texans, des Virginiens, des New-Yorkais… sans que cela ne remette en cause l’unité de ce pays. Chaque famille n’est-elle pas constituée de plusieurs lignées ? Il en va d’ailleurs de même en matière religieuse où la diversité de cultes (entre bouddhistes, chrétiens et animistes) n’empêche nullement l’unité nationale.

En définitive, les Karennis (comme les Paos) ne se distinguent des autres Karens que par l’organisation sociale et politique qu’historiquement ils ont adoptés des Shans au contact desquels ils vivaient depuis des siècles; mais force est d’admettre qu’il n’existe entre Sgaws, Pwos, Karennis et Paos (pour ne citer que ces quatre groupes humains) aucune différence fondamentale que ce soit au plan racial, ethnique ou linguistique. D’ailleurs, en plus de leurs origines communes, les différents segments du peuple karen partagent également un certain nombre de caractéristiques culturelles : les tambours de bronze, par exemple, sont vénérés par la communauté karen tout entière, par les Paos de Taunggyi comme par les Pwos de Bassein; le mythe de Y’Wa lui aussi est commun aux divers sous-groupes (les Bwes et les Kayahs des collines aussi bien que les Sgaws et les Pwos des plaines). L’habitat, comme les traditions culinaires ou vestimentaires offrent de nombreux autres exemples de cette étroite parenté civilisationelle…

Je défends donc pour ma part une vision « pan-karen » fédératrice diamétralement opposée à la conception séparatiste que certains voudraient voir triompher : selon moi, l’existence de particularismes culturels limités ne doit pas conduire à une fragmentation politique qui, affaiblissant le peuple karen tout entier, ne profiterait qu’à ses ennemis. En effet, c’est seulement en maintenant et en développant leur unité que les Karens parviendront à peser dans les contextes birmans et thaïlandais. 

_ Saw Ba U Gyi (1905-1950) : né dans la ville de Bassein, province de l’Irrawaddy, au sein d’une famille sgaw chrétienne. Plusieurs fois ministre au sein des gouvernements de Birmanie de 1937 à 1947, il fut l’un des fondateurs de la Karen Central Organization en 1943 et de la Karen National Union en 1947. Véritable âme de la nation karen, il dirigea la K.N.U. jusqu’à sa mort, le 12 août 1950, date à laquelle il fut tué par la Tatmadaw (l’armée birmane). Depuis, le 12 août est célébré comme le Jour des Martyrs par les Karens du monde entier.

_ Thaton Hla Pe (1909-1975) : né dans le village de Thanpayapinseik, Etat Môn, au sein d’une famille pao bouddhiste. En 1943, il créa avec d’autres responsables karens la Karen Central Organization. Dans la Birmanie de l’après-guerre, il continua de travailler étroitement avec Saw Ba U Gyi et fut avec ce dernier l’un des fondateurs de la Karen National Defence Organization. Vice-président de la Karen National Union dès 1947, il se vit offrir la présidence du mouvement à deux reprises en 1950 et 1951.

_ Mahn Ba Zan (1916-1982) : né dans la bourgade de Maubin, province de l’Irrawaddy, au sein d’une famille pwo bouddhiste. Premier commandant de la Karen Nation Defence Organization, créateur du Karen National United Party, il fut successivement vice-président puis président de la Karen National Union. Il mit toujours un point d’honneur à défendre tous les segments du peuple Karen (ceux des plaines comme ceux des montagnes) contre les agissements de la junte raciste de Rangoon.

_ Saw Maw Reh (1920-1994) : né dans le village de In Gyaw, province de Pegu, au sein d’une famille karenni catholique. Il s’enrôla dans les Karen Rifles après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, puis il créa successivement la Karenni National Organization en novembre 1947 et sa branche militaire la United Karenni States’ Independence Army en août 1948, étroitement alliée à la Karen National Defence Organization. Plus tard, il occupa le poste de président du Karenni National Progressive Party, de 1960 à 1977, toujours en parfait accord avec la Karen National Union. 

_ Saw Bo Mya (1927-2006) : né dans le village de Htee Moo Kee, Etat karen, au sein d’une famille sgaw animiste (il se convertit ultérieurement au christianisme). En 1976 il accéda à la présidence de la Karen National Union et demeura à ce poste jusqu’en 2000, choisissant alors de se mettre en retrait en conservant la vice-présidence de la K.N.U. et le commandement suprême des forces armées karens. Animé de la volonté de protéger les Paos et les Karennis autant que les Sgaws et les Pwos, il consacra sa vie entière à combattre la menace communiste aussi bien que le régime militaire birman. 

_ Mahn Sha Lah Phan (1943-2008) : né dans le village de Tawgyaung, province de l’Irrawaddy, au sein d’une famille pwo bouddhiste. Il rejoignit la résistance karen à l’âge de 23 ans, fut élu au Comité central de la Karen National Union en 1984, nommé Secrétaire général adjoint de l’organisation en 1995 et promu au poste de Secrétaire général en 2000. A ce poste il s’efforça de maintenir l’unité entre les Karens de toutes les confessions. Mahn Sha Lah Phan fut assassiné à Mae Sot, en Thaïlande, en février 2008 par des agents de la junte birmane. 

_ Naw Louisa Benson (1941-2010) : née à Rangoon, d’un père Juif (convertit au catholicisme) et d’une mère karen. En 1964 elle épousa Bo Lin Tin, ancien commandant de la 5eme brigade de la Karen National Liberation Army qui, à la suite de Saw Hunter Thamwe, avait déposé les armes l’année précédente. Mais Bo Lin Tin fut tué par des agents birmans en septembre 1965 et, après sa mort, Benson gagna la clandestinité et conduisit l’ancienne unité de son mari à reprendre le combat. Après s’être exilée aux Etats-Unis en 1967, elle continua à œuvrer pour la défense de la cause karen.

_ Saw Tamla Baw (1920-2014) : né dans la ville de Moulmein, Etat môn, au sein d’une famille sgaw chrétienne. Lieutenant au 1st Karen Rifles dans les années 1940, il rejoignit très vite la Karen National Union et participa activement au soulèvement karen à compter de janvier 1949. Dès 1969, il était vice chef d’état-major de la Karen National Liberation Army et membre du Comité central de la K.N.U.. Général de Corps d’armée, il fut un temps Commandant en chef de la K.N.L.A.. Saw Tamla Baw fut nommé vice-président de la K.N.U. en 2004 et élevé au rang de président de l’organisation en 2009. Il prit sa retraite en 2012.
Tous étaient de grands noms de la nation karen, qui oserait prétendrait le contraire ? Et je pourrais multiplier les exemples : 

_ Min Maung : en tant que colonel dans l’armée de la toute nouvelle Union birmane, il se trouvait à la tête du 1st Karen Rifles en janvier 1949. L’un des premiers parmi les militaires, il rejoignit l’insurrection karen et, en juin de la même année, fut élevé par Saw Ba U Gyi au rang de général et promu au poste de Chef d’état-major des Kawthoolei Armed Forces. Ce n’était ni un Sgaw ni un Pwo mais un Paku, originaire de Toungoo…

_ Bo Tha Kalei : il s’enrôla dans la Karen National Defence Organization dès 1949. Avec ses deux frères, la K.N.D.O. le dépêcha au tout début des années 1950 dans la région de Taunggyi pour aider à organiser la rébellion pao. Son frère aîné, Bo Special, se révéla un des plus habiles officiers de terrain de la toute nouvelle guérilla pao, se taillant une solide réputation de spécialiste des embuscades. Au milieu des années 1960, Bo Tha Kalei devint le chef militaire de la Pao National Liberation Organization. Il n’était ni un Pao ni un bouddhiste, mais un Sgaw chrétien né au village de Bawgali, dans la région de Toungoo…
Alors, en conclusion : les Karens ? 

Plusieurs dialectes mais une seule langue,
Plusieurs religions mais un seul peuple,
Plusieurs régions d’origine mais une seule identité,
Plusieurs cultures mais une seule civilisation,
Et au final une seule nation !
En tout cas, c’est mon opinion…

A Karen History

Posted by Ka Shee on Monday, August 1, 2016 | 0 ဟ့ဢ္ခီဢ္မဲဢ္လီဿ္ | Leave a comment...


A Karen History

Preface

We, the Karen of Burma, have been cornered into fighting against ruling Burmese Governments for the past forty-three years. [in 1992]
Holding the reins of all organs of the state, and in full control of the press, radio, and television, the successive ruling Burmese Governments from U Nu's AFPFL (Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League) to the present Military Junta headed by General Than Shwe and his State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), have always painted us as black as they can. They have branded us insurgents, warmongers, a handful of border smugglers, black-marketeers and stooges of both the communists and the imperialists.
Even so, to the extent of our ability we have always tried to refute the nefarious one-sided Burmese propaganda of false accusations, and make the true facts of our cause known to the world.
In fighting against the ruling Burmese Government, we are not being motivated by narrow nationalism, or by ill will towards the Burmese Government or the Burmese people. Our struggle was instigated neither by the capitalist world nor by the communists, as some have falsely accused us. It has an originality completely of its own. Throughout history, the Burmese have been practicing annihilation, absorption and assimilation (3 A's) against the Karen and they are still doing so today. In short, they are waging a genocidal war against us. Thus we have been forced to fight for our very existence and survival.
In this document we venture to present a concise outline of the Karens' struggle for freedom, the Karen case, which we consider just, righteous and noble. We hope that through it, the world may come to know the true situation of the Karen, a forgotten people who continue to fight for our freedom intensively, single handedly and without aid of any kind from anyone.
Karen National Union (KNU)
Kawthoolei.
 

The Karen, a Nation
Their Nature and History

The Karen are much more than a national minority. We are a nation with a population of 7 million, having all the essential qualities of a nation. We have our own history, our own language, our own culture, our own land of settlement and our own economic system of life. By nature the Karen are simple, quiet, unassuming and peace loving people, who uphold the high moral qualities of honesty, purity, brotherly love, co-operative living and loyalty, and are devout in their religious beliefs.
Historically, the Karen descend from the same ancestors as the Mongolian people. The earliest Karens (or Yangs, as called by the Thais) settled in Htee-mset Met Ywa (land of Flowing Sands: a land bordering the source of the Yang-Tse-Kiang river in the Gobi Desert. From there, we migrated southwards and gradually entered the land now known as Burma about 739 BC.
We were, according to most historians, the first settlers in this new land. The Karen named this land kaw-lah, meaning the Green Land. We began to peacefully clear and till our land free from all hindrances. Our labours were fruitful and we were very happy with our lot. So we changed the name of the land to Kawthoolei, a land free of all evils, famine, misery and strife: Kawthoolei, a pleasant, plentiful and peaceful country. Here we lived characteristically uneventful and peaceful lives, before the advent of the Burman.
 

Pre-World War II Eras
Burmese Feudalism, British Imperialism and Japanese Fascism

We, the Karen could not enjoy our peaceful lives for long. The Mon were the next to enter this area, followed at their heels by the Burmese, both the Mon and the Burmese brought with them feudalism, which they practiced to the full. The Burmese won the feudal war, and they subdued and subjugated all other nationalities in the land. The Karen suffered untold miseries at the hands of their Burmese lords. Persecution, torture, killings, suppression, oppression and exploitation were the order of the day. To mention a few historical facts as evidence, we may refer to the Burmese subjugation of the Mon and the Arakanese, and especially their past atrocities against the Thais at Ayudhaya. These events stand as firm evidence of the cruelties of Burmese feudalism. So severe are these atrocities that those victimized continue to harbour a deep-seated resentment of the Burman even today.
At that time, many Karen had to flee for their lives to the high mountains and thick jungles, where communications and means of livelihood were extremely difficult and diseases common. We were thus cut of from all progress, civilisation and the rest of the world, and were gradually reduced to backward hill tribes. The rest of the Karen were made slaves. We were forced to do hard labour and were cruelly treated.
When the British occupied Burma, the conditions of the Karens gradually improved. With the introduction of law and order by the Colonial Central Authority, the Karen began to earn their living without being hindered, and we could go to school and be educated. This infuriated the Burmese, to see the despised Karen being treated equally by the British. Progress of the Karen people in almost all fields was fast, and by the beginning of the 20th Century, they were ahead of other peoples in many respects, especially in education, athletics and music. It could be said that the Karen had a breathing spell during the period of the British regime.
In 1942, the Japanese invaded Burma with the help of the Burma Independence Army (BIA), who led them into the country. These BIA troops took full advantage of the situation by insinuating that the Karen were spies and puppets of the British, and therefore were enemies of the Japanese and the Burman. With the help of the Japanese, they began to attack the Karen villages, using a scheme to wipe out the entire Karen populace which closely resembled the genocidal scheme Hitler was enacting against the Jews in Germany.The Karen of many parts of the country were arrested, tortured and killed. Our properties were looted,our womenfolk raped and killed, and our hearths and homes burned. Conditions were so unbearable that we retaliated fiercely enough to attract the attention of the Japanese Government, which mediated and somewhat controlled the situation.
 

Post World War II Eras
Demand for Karen State, Tensions and Armed Conflicts

The bitter experiences of the Karen throughout our history in Burma, especially during the Second World War, taught us one lesson. They taught us that as a nation, unless we control a state of our own, we will never experience a life of peace, free from persecution and oppression. We will never be allowed to work hard to grow and prosper.
Soon after the Second World War, all the nations under colonial rule were filled with national aspirations for independence. The Karen sent a Goodwill Mission to England in August 1946, to make the Karen case known to the British Government and the British people, and to ask for a true Karen State. But the reply of the British Labour Government was "to throw in our lot with the Burma". We deeply regretted this, for as it predictably has turned out today, it was a gesture grossly detrimental to our right of self-determination, only condemning us to further oppression. It is extremely difficult for the Karen and the Burman, two peoples with diametrically opposite views, outlooks, attitudes and mentalities, to yoke together.
However, differences in nature and mentality are not the main reason for our refusal to throw in our lot with the Burman. There are other more important reasons for sticking to our demand for our own State within a genuine Federal Union.
  1. We are concerned that the tactics of annihilation, absorption and assimilation, which have been practised in the past upon all other nationalities by the Burmese rulers, will be continued by the Burman of the future as long as they are in power.
  2. We are concerned about the postwar independence Aung San - Atlee and Nu - Atlee Agreements, as there was no Karen representative in either delegation and no Karen opinion was sought. The most that the Burman would allow us to have was a pseudo Karen State, which falls totally under Burmese authority. In that type of Karen State, we must always live in fear of their cruel abuse of their authority over us.
On January 4, 1948, Burma got its independence from the British. The Karens continued to ask for self-determination democratically and peacefully from the Burmese Government. The Karen State requested by the Karens was comprised of the Irrawaddy Division, the Tenasserim Division, the Hanthawady District , Insein District and the Nyaunglebin Sub-Division, the areas where the bulk of the Karen populace could be found. But instead of compromising with the Karen by peaceful negotiations concerning the Karen case, the Burmese Government and the Burmese Press said many negative things about us, especially by frequently repeating their accusations that the Karen are puppets of the British and enemies of the Burman. The Burmese Government agitated the Burmese people toward communal clashes between the Karen and the Burman. Another accusation against the Karen demand was that it was not the entire Karen people who desired a Karen state, but a handful of British lackeys who wanted the ruin of the Union of Burma.
To counter the accusations and show the world that it was the whole Karen people's desire for a Karen state, a peaceful demonstration by Karens all over the country was staged on February 11, 1948, in which over 400,000 Karens took part. The banners carried in the procession contained four slogans, namely:
  1. Give the Karen State at once
  2. Show the Burman one kyat and the Karen one kyat
  3. We do not want communal strife
  4. We do not want civil war.
The slogans of the Karens in this mass demonstration voiced the same desire as the three slogans of the British Colonies after the Second World War: Liberty, Equality, and Peace. We followed the established democratic procedures in our request for a Karen state.
A few months after Burma got its independence, successive desertions and revolts in the AFPFL put U Nu, the then Premier, in grave trouble. The revolts of the Red Flag Communist Party in 1947, the Communist party of Burma in March 1948, the People's Volunteer Organisation in June 1948. and the mutinies of the 1st Burma Rifles stationed at Thayetmyo and the 3rd Rifles stationed at Mingladon, Rangoon (August 15,1948), prompted U NU to approach the Karen leaders to help the Government by taking up the security of Rangoon to save it from peril. The Karen did not take advantage of the situation, but readily complied with U Nu's request and helped him out of his predicament. The KNDO (Karen National Defence Organisation) officially recognised by the Burmese Government, was posted at all the strategic positions and all the roads and routes leading to Rangoon. For months the KNDO faithfully took charge of the security of Rangoon.
The KNDO was given several tasks in forming an outer ring of defence, particularly at Hlegu and Twante. Most important of all was the reoccupation of Twante town, Rangoon's key riverine gateway to the Delta towns and upper Burma. This little town had fallen several times to the communists. Each time it was retaken by regular troops, only to fall back into the hands of the rebels as soon as conditions returned to normal and control was handed back to the civil authorities and the police. This time, a KNDO unit under the leadership of Bo Toe and Bo Aung Min was ordered to retake Twante, which was once more in the hands of the Red Flag Communists. They succeeded with their own resources and without any support from the regular army other than river transport. After wresting the town from the Red Flag Comnunists' hands. they garrisoned it in accordance with their given orders.
The two mutinied Burma Rifles marched down south, unopposed along the way, until they reached Kyungale bridge, near the town of Let-pa-dan, where they were stopped by a company of Karen UMP (Union Miltary Police). Their truck carrying arms and ammunition received a direct hit from mortar fire of the Karen UMP and was destroyed, so they retreated after suffering heavy casualties.
But even while all this was happening, the ungrateful Burmese Government was hastily organising a strong force of levies to make an all-out effort to smash the Karen. By December 1948, they had arrested the Karen leaders in many parts of the country. Karen personnel in the armed services were disarmed and put into jail. General Smith Dun, General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the Burma Army, was forced to resign. Many Karen villages were attacked and many Karen villagers were shot and killed, women raped, properties looted and hearths and homes burnt and destroyed. On the 30th of January 1949, the Burmese Government declared the KNDO unlawful. Early the next morning on the 31st of January, the Burmese troops attacked the KNDO Headquarters at a town about 10 miles north of where most of the top Karen leaders lived. There was no alternative left for the Karen but to fight back. An order was issued to all the Karen throughout the country to take up whatever arms they could find and fight for their lives, their honour, and their long cherished Karen state Kawthoolei.
When we took up arms, we attained great successes and occupied many towns and cities. We soon suffered military reverses, however, as we had not prepared for Revolution and therefore had no stockpile of arms and ammunition. We had to withdraw from many fronts, thus allowing the Burmsse troops to reoccupy these areas. Compounding this, the Burmese Government called for unity with all the other uprising Burmese rebel groups. These Burmese rebel groups saw the Karen as the greatest obstacle to their seizing exclusive power, joined hands with the Burmese Government, and fought against the Karen. As a result, the Karen found themselves fighting against all the armed elements in the country.
Another reason for our setbacks was that all along we had to stand on our own feet and fight alone without aid of any kind from any other country. In contrast, the Burmese Government received large amounts of foreign aid, including military aid from both capitalist and socialist countries, and even from some so-called non-aligned nations. Many times then and since the situation of the Burmese Government has been precarious, but it has managed to continue mainly through aid from abroad. Many times it has been in dire financial straits, but it has not been ashamed to go begging. And as hard as it is for us to believe, its begging bowls have always come back filled.
 

Present Day Situation
The Karen under Successive Burmese Régimes
The Revolutionary Areas - The Present Situation

Under the rule of the Burman, the Karens have been oppressed politically, economically, and educationally. The Karen schools and institutions were taken by force and many were destroyed. We are no longer allowed to study our own language in Burmese schools. Many of the Karen newspapers and literary books were banned. Economically, our fields and plots of land were nationalised and confiscated, we have to toil hard all year round and have to take all our products to the Burmese Government for sale at its controlled prices, leaving little for ourselves. Culturally, they have attempted to absorb and dissolve our language, literature, traditions, and customs. We have been denied all political rights, and militarily, our people have all along been systematically exterminated as part of the annihilation, absorption, and assimilation programme of the Burman. Our educational quality and living standards have dropped considerably, falling far behind the Burman in all respects. Their efforts and actions against us are as strong, or stronger, today as ever before in the past.
Since the 1960's, they have been attacking with the "Four Cuts Operation". This includes cutting our provisions, cutting the contact between the masses and the revolutionaries, cutting all revolutionary financial income and resources, and cutting off the heads of all revolutionaries. To make the four cuts operation successiul, the Burmese troops are using strong suppressive measures. They destroy the fields of crops planted by the villagers and eat their grains and livestock. They take away whatever they like and the things they cannot carry away they destroy. Captured villagers, woman and adolescents as well as men, are made to carry heavy loads as porters for the Burmese soldiers. Many of the villagers have been forced to work as porters for several months; they are deliberately starved, and regularly beaten, raped, or murdered. When the Burmese soldiers enter a village, they shoot the villagers who try to escape. Some of the villagers have been accused of helping the revolutionaries and then have been killed. In certain areas, the villagers have been forced to leave their villages and have been moved to camps some distance away. They are not permitted to leave the camps without permission from the Burmese guards. Some villagers, who have been found in their villages after being ordered to move to the camps, have been shot and killed by the Burmese soldiers with no questions asked.
Situations such as these and sometimes worse are happening constantly throughout Kawthoolei and are causing a large number of Karens and Shans in Kawthoolei to leave their villages and take refuge along the Thai border; a difficult situation for us as we do not have enough money to provide for these refugees. In spite of these situations we are determined to progress. Even though there is no end of the war in sight, and we are unable to obtain assistance from other countries, we are moving forward as best we can.
During this long and gruelling forty-three years of war, we have seen many changes take place in our Revolution. The strong willed determination of our fighting forces and our masses to fight to win the war has increased. We have been able to endure hardship, both physically and mentally. We have grown in strength, and not just in numbers. Our occupied areas have now joined our Revolution in great numbers. Many Karen who are universty graduates have also joined us, thus enriching the quality of our revolution. Villagers throughout Kawthoolei are active in support roles, while the morale, discipline, and military skills of our fighting forces have increased. We have been able to inflict greater setbacks on the enemy in all our military engagements.
Burma is a multi-national country, inhabited also by the Kachin, Arakanese, Karenni, Lahu, Mon, Pa-O, Palaung, Shan and Wa, etc. After independence, these ethnic races were also denied the basic rights of freedom, self-determination, and democracy. Hence, almost all the other nationalities in Burma have also taken up arms to fight against the Burmese Governnent for their own self-determination, and are now united in the National Democratic Front (NDF). There are now altogether nine members in the National Democratic Front, namely:
1. Arakan Liberation party (ALP)
2. Chin National front (CNF)
3. Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO)
4. Karen National Union (KNU)
5. Karenni National progressive Party (KNPP)
6. Kayan New Land Party (KNLP
7. Lahu National Organisation (LNO)
8 New Mon State Party (NMSP)
9. Wa National Organisation (WNO)
The consolidated National Democratic Front (NDF) has resolved to form a genuine Federal Union, comprised of all the states of the nationalities in Burma, including a Burman state, on the basis of liberty, equality and social progress.The NDF is determined to fight on until victory is achieved, and requests the people of all classes and all works of life to join hands and fight against the Ne Win-Than Shwe military dictatorship.
By 1988, the oppression of Ne Win's military regime had become so severe that even the Burmese masses rose up against it.The regime's response was to gun down thousands of peaceful demonstrators, mainly young students and monks. Even so Ne Win could not subdue them and he was forced to resign, seemingly handing over power to his chosen successors in the State Law and Order Restoration council (SLORC), but continuing to pull the strings of power from behind the scenes. The SLORC promised a multi-party election and held it in 1990, only to persecute and imprison the winners rather then hand over state power to them. Thousands of Burmese students, monks and other dissidents fled to the areas governed by NDF member organisations. There they were accepted and sheltered by the ethnic peoples, particularly in the Karen areas, where no less then 6,000 students arrived along with other dissidents, all wanting to organise and struggle against the SLORC.In late 1988, the KNU took the initiative of proposing that the NDF form a broader political front along with the newly formed Burmese group to meet the developing political situation.
 

The Karen National Union (KNU)
Aims, Policy and Programme

The second Karen National Union (KNU) congress was held at Maw Ko, Nyaunglebin district in June and July 1956, and was attended by KNU representatives from Delta Division, Pegu Yoma Division and Eastern Division. In this congress the political aims of the KNU were laid down as follows and they still apply today:
  • The establishment of a Karen State with the right to self-determination.
  • The establishment of National States for all the nationalities, with the right to self-determination.
  • The establishment of a genuine Federal Union with all the states having equal rights and the right to self-determination.
  • The Karen National Union will pursue the policy of National Democracy.
In spite of the internal and external situations, we continue to maintain our state, Kawthoolei, administered by our own Kawthoolei Government since 1950,under the banner of the Karen National Union (KNU), and the well trained and disciplined Karen National Liberation Army, which were formed in that same year. We desire Kawthoolei to be a Karen State with the right to self-determination. We are therefore endeavouring to form a genuine Federal Union comprised of all the states of the nationalities in Burma, including a Burman state, on the basis of Liberty, Equality, Self-Determination and Social progress.
We desire the extent of Kawthoolei to be the areas where the Karens are in majority. It shall be governed in accordance with the wishes of the people of the State and just in the eyes of the country and the world. The policy of the Karen National Union is National Democracy. It fully recognises and encourages private ownership and welcomes foreign investment. All the people in Kawthoolei shall be given democratic rights, politically, economically, socially and culturally. Freedom and equality of all religions is guaranteed. Kawthoolei will maintain cordial relationships with all other states and other countries on the basis of mutual respect, peace and prosperity. Kawthoolei will never permit the growing or refining of opium or the sales and transport of illicit drugs through its territory.
 

Our Beliefs and Determination

To us, the "independence" Burma gained in 1948 is but a domination over all other nationalities in Burma by the Burman. The taking up of arms by almost all the nationalities against the ruling Burmese Government is sufficient proof that though Burma got its independence, only the Burman have really enjoyed independence and they have subjugated the other nationalities. The State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) headed by General Than Shwe will never and can never solve the conflicts and crises in the country.
The Karen Revolution is more than just a struggle for survival against national oppression, subjugation, exploitation and domination of the Karen people by the Burmese rulers. It has the aim of a genuine Federal Union comprised of all the states of the nationalities on the basis of equality and self-determination. In our march towards our objectives we shall uphold the four principles laid down by our beloved leader, the late Saw Ba U Gyi, which are:
  • •For us surrender is out of the question.
  • •The recognition of the Karen State must be completed.
  • •We shall retain our arms.
  • •We shall decide our own political destiny.
We strongly believe in the Charter of the United Nations, its Declarations on Human Rights, the principle of Self-Determination and the Democratic Rights of Peoples - all causes for which we are fighting.
The fighting may be long, hard, and cruel, but we are prepared for all eventualities. To die fighting is better than to live as a slave. But we firmly believe that we shall survive and be victorious, for our cause is just and righteous, and surely any tyranny so despised as the Burmese regime must one day fall.

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